This catalogue lists all genera and species of stick insects recorded or described from New Zealand. Genera are listed in alphabetical order within established subfamilies and tribes. Some taxonomic changes are made, with major changes as follows: 2 new genera in the subfamily Pachymorphinae are erected -Niveaphasma (type species -Pachymorpha annulata Hutton 1898) and Asteliaphasma (type species - Spinotectarchus jucundus Salmon 1991). Mimarchus tarsatus Carl 1913 is reduced to synonymy under Argosarchus horridus (White 1846), resulting in Mimarchus Carl 1913 becoming a synonym of Argosarchus Hutton 1898. Lectotypes are designated for Argosarchus schauinslandi Brunner 1907, Clitarchus interruptelineatus Brunner 1907, Clitarchus laeviusculus Stål 1875, Micrarchus parvulus Carl 1913, Micrarchus tarsatus Carl 1913 and Pachymorpha bouvieri Brunner 1907. Keys to adults and eggs of genera are given. The bibliography includes all references containing descriptions of species recorded or described from New Zealand.
Introduction
Whilst studying the New Zealand fauna, it became evident that a detailed catalogue was necessary in order to fully evaluate the largely endemic fauna. Salmon's 1991 book on the subject unfortunately omits certain references to the fauna. Brock (1997) made some taxonomic changes due to omissions in Salmon (1991). Further changes are made in this work.
All genera are endemic to New Zealand and have a close affinity within the subfamilies Pachymorphinae and Phasmatinae. Apart from the genus Pachymorpha Gray 1835, which may, despite genitalia differences, be close to Micrarchus Carl 1913, the wingless New Zealand fauna are not closely related to Australian phasmids (catalogued in Balderson et al. 1998), which include many winged species. Although Clitarchus Stål 1875 includes the Australian species C. longipes Brunner 1907, it belongs to another genus. Acanthoxyla Uvarov 1944 is represented by 8 parthenogenetic species and no males have been found. Whilst unusual not to find males in a genus of several species, this is not unique in phasmids, which often reproduce parthenogenetically.
Phasmids are found throughout New Zealand (including outlying islands), in forests, scrublands and often in gardens (Salmon 1991). Salmon (pers. comm. 1997) believed that Argosarchus species may be extinct, however they are currently known to exist, having been found in a number of locations. Cenerally, most New Zealand species are quite common but, being nocturnal, may easily be overlooked.
Further Studies
Whilst Salmon's book (1991) relies on morphological taxonomic principles, it is evident that a full evaluation of the fauna also requires genetic studies. The fauna is small enough to obtain meaningful results in a relatively short period of time. It is hoped that specialists will take up the challenge and undertake such studies, in order to clarify uncertain issues. For instance, are there 2 (or more) Argosarchus species, or only one? Is Clitarchus tuberculatus a ‘form’ of C. hookeri? Are the 4 Tectarchus species from the Port Hills, Banks Peninsula, distinct species, and are Acanthoxyla species correctlyclassified? Undescribed species, including some from mountainousareas, are currently being researched.
Treatment
Species are listed in alphabetical order within genera. Reported synonyms and variations in spelling for each species are listed in order, with a brief explanation of each record.
After details on genera (including any synonymy), references to the original description of species and type details are given, followed by any subsequent references to the same species, along with a summary of the main area(s) covered in each paper. Our research on type and non-type material and culture stocks has resulted in the necessity to make taxonomic changes. Type material has been examined, (several types deposited in Wellington by Salmon were only briefly checked and loan of material was not permitted due to the fragility of the specimens). Species described by Salmon are well illustrated in the literature, although they are in need of genetic studies as mentioned above (Further Studies). Lectotypes have been designated for 6 species in this paper.
Keys to adults and eggs of genera are provided. Species are not illustrated, as excellent figures of adults and eggs may be found in Salmon's 1991 book on New Zealand phasmids.
Unpublished work is included in the references section, but excluded from species listings. Parfitt (1975, 1980) and Buckley (1995) have completed projects on New Zealand phasmids without yet publishing results.
Abbreviations for Depositories
AMNZ Auckland Institute and Museum, Auckland, New Zealand
BMNH Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
CMNZ Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand
HLHD Hessisches Landesmuseum, Darmstadt, Germany
MNHN Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
MHNG Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland
MONZ Museum of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
NHMW Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria
UMBB Ubersee-Museum, Bremen, Germany
ZMHB Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt Universitat, Berlin, Germany
ZMUH Universitat von Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Key to adult females
1 Length of cerci slightly greater than length of anal segment
— Length of cerci distinctly shorter than length of anal segment
2 Cerci bluntly pointed; two black stripes beneath head
— Cerci with rounded tips; no black markings beneath head
3 Metatarsals of mid and hind limbs with a dorsal lobe
— Metatarsals of mid and hind limbs lacking a dorsal lobe
4 Operculum reaching to or beyond tip of anal segment
— Operculum reaching up to half-way along anal segment
5 Head smooth or with a pair of short stout spines between the eyes
— Numerous short slender spines across top of head
6 Operculum extends to, but not beyond, tip of anal segment
— Operculum extends well beyond tip of anal segment
7 Cerci extend beyond tip of the anal segment
— Cerci do not reach the tip of the anal segment
8 Operculum with a pair of sub-apical, lateral carinae
— No lateral carinae on operculum
Key to adult males
1 Body length > 50 mm
— Body length < 50 mm
2 Thorax with several long, sharp spines
— Thorax smooth or at most with a few tubercles
3 Claspers each with a single tooth
— Claspers each with 4 to 5 teeth
4 Claspers extend into elongate tong-like pinchers, each with a series of separate black teeth
— Each clasper with one or more teeth arising from a single black swelling
5 Dorsal abdominal spines situated on anterior margin of tergites.
— Dorsal abdominal spines situated on posterior margin of tergites.
6 Antennae reach base of fore tibiae
— Antennae shorter than base of foretibiae
Key to eggs
1 Spine-like setae present on at least anterior dorsal region of capsule
— Setae completely absent
2 Setae numerous over entire egg; capsule length up to 2.2 times width
— Setae restricted to anterior and dorsal regions; capsule length at least 2.5 times width
3 Capsule 1.7 or more times longer than broad
— Capsule up to 1.6 times as long as broad
4 Capsule up to 2.4 times longer than broad
— Capsule at least 2.5 times longer than broad
5 Keel prominent, arising steeply ahead of micropylar plate
— Keel rudimentary or absent
6 Capitulum elongate with a broadly domed tip
— Capitulum very short, flatly conical with sharp tip
7 Margin between keel and main capsule denned by small scale-like plates
— Scale-like plates absent
Diapheromeridae, Pachymorphinae, Pachymorphini Niveaphasma new genus
Type species.— Pachymorpha annulata Hutton, here designated.
Niveaphasma is erected for a species recorded from the far south and far north of South Island (Southland, Otago and Nelson provinces), from sea level up to 1360 m, although part of the range may not be accurate (undescribed taxa are being researched). The undescribed species which Salmon (1991) mistakenly included in his notes on Mimarchus tarsatus Carl, is excluded pending further investigation. The tong-like claspers of the male sugges Niveaphasma is most closely allied to Micrarchus. Dorsal abdominal spines are situated on the posterior margin of tergites in Niveaphasma, but on the anterior margin in Micrarchus. Females are distinguished by the shorter cerci in Micrarchus.
Diagnosis.—Female: Body stout, length 49 to 56 mm, wingless, median segment (= first abdominal segment) completely fused with metathorax. Head with pair of short stout spines between eyes. Antennae slightly shorter to slightly longer than fore femora. Whole body lightly granulated, thoracic spines absent or rudimentary. Abdomen with pair of small to large spines on posterior margin of tergites 5 to 8, fifth segment commonly with expanded lateral lobes. Operculum boat-shaped, reaching approximately half length of anal segment. End of anal segment truncated or slightly rounded. Cerci short, reaching just beyond tip of anal segment. Male short, length ca 40 mm, as for female except slenderer and less granulated, spines often rudimentary. Claspers extended into stout tong-like pinchers which extend well beyond abdomen, each clasper with a series of several black teeth along inner margin. Cerci elongate, of similar length to claspers. Egg elongate, cylindrical, finely pitted and often lightly rugose, sometimes with a rudimentary keel; capitulum elongate-conical.
Etymology.— From the Latin niveus (snow, snowy), plus the stem word forthe order Phasmida. The intended meaning (‘stick insects of the snow’) alludes to the fact that many populations occur in alpine habitats where they must contend with regular snow cover.
Diapheromeridae, Pachymorphinae, Hemipachymorphini Asteliaphasma new genus
Type species.— Spinotectarchus jucundus Salmon, here designated.
Asteliaphasma is represented by two little-known species found in forest on North Island (collected up to 900 m above sea level). The genus is distinguished from the closely related Spinotectarchus Salmon by its more elongate female form. Eggs are also more elongate in Asteliaphasma, with setae restricted to anterior and dorsal regions of the capsule, unlike Spinotectarchus, where setae are numerous over the entire egg. Asteliaphasma may be a sister-genus of Niveaphasma, with which it shares similar (though more slender) adult morphology, and also eggs (although setae are absent in Niveaphasma). However, males and/or genetic data would be required to confirm such a relationship.
Diagnosis.— Only females known. Body slender (64 to 88 mm), wingless, median section completely fused with metathorax. Head with pair of short spines between eyes. Antenna slightly shorter than fore femora. Whole body lightly granulated, sometimes with a few tubercles present. Fifth abdomen segment sometimes with small lateral lobes. Operculum boat-shaped, reaching to tip of anal segment. End of anal segment slightly rounded or with a short median notch. Cerci short, reaching just beyond tip of anal segment. Egg elongate, cylindrical, finely pitted and lightly rugose with rudimentary keel, anterior and dorsal regions with numerous minute spine-like setae; capitulum elongate-conical.
Etymology.— From the plant genus Astelia (Lilaceae) and the stem word for the order Phasmida. Asteliaphasma species are so far known only from Astelia species and the Asteh'a-like Freycinetia banksii (Pandanaceae).
CATALOGUE OF SPECIES
Diapheromeridae, Pachymorphinae, Pachymorphini Micrarchus Carl 1913
Type species.— Micrarchus parvulus Carl by monotypy.
Micrarchus Carl 1913: 24.
Micrarchus; Salmon 1991: 88 (Synonym of Pachymorpha Gray 1835; incorrectly listing Kaup as author of the genus Micrarchus)
Micrarchus; Zompro and Brock [in press]. Revised status.
hystriculeus (Westwood) 1859:16, pl. 1:4 (Pachymorpha hystriculea). Holotype 9, ♀ New Zealand (BMNH).
Pachymorpha hystriculea Westwood; Hutton 1899: 52 (Returned to Pachymorpha); Tepper 1902: 279 (Catalog); Kirby 1904: 342 (Catalog); Brunner 1907: 214 (Redescription); Wise 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species); Salmon 1991: 88 (Taxonomy [distribution extended to ‘Australia and Papua New Guinea’ but considered unlikely, as no material has been traced during extensive studies on the Australian phasmids]; male; egg; figs).
Bacillus hystriculea (Westwood); Hutton 1881: 75 (Transfer to Bacillus; Catalog).
Micrarchus histriculens [sic] (Westwood); Bandsma and Brandt 1963: 21, pl. 44 (photo of mating pair).
Micrarchus hystriculeus (Westwood); Zompro and Brock [in press] (Transfer to Micrarchus).
Micrarchus parvulus Carl 1913: 24, pl. 1: 12–13. Lectotype: ♂, New Zealand: Greymouth, Helms, Ref. no. 602/66, here designated. Paralectotype ♂, New Zealand: Heteraunga [Heretaunga on label], 623.5 (MHNG). (Synonymized by Salmon 1991). [This lectotype designation will guarantee the stability of the name]
Micrarchus parvulus Carl; Wise 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species); Salmon 1991:88 (Synonym of Pachymorpha hystriculea; egg; figs).
Niveaphasma Jewell <& Brock new genus
Type species.— Pachymorpha annulata Hutton, by original designation.
annulata (Hutton) 1898: 162 (Pachymorpha annulata). Holotype ♀, New Zealand: Dunedin (CMNZ – in alcohol). New combination.
Pachymorpha annulata Hutton; Hutton 1899:53 (Taxonomy); Tepper 1902:279 (Catalog); Kirby 1904:342 (Catalog); Wise 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species); Nicholls et al. 1998: 30 (Type data).
Mimarchus annulatus (Hutton); Salmon 1991:96 (Transfer to Mimarchus; male; egg; figs); Brock 1997: 21 (Taxonomy).
Pachymorpha bouvieri Brunner 1907: 214. Lectotype ♀, New Zealand: Nelson 1876, leg. Filhol, “Mus. Paris” (NHMW, No. 378 – clearly part of the series originally obtained from Paris for examination), here designated. Paralectotypes: 3 ♂, 3 ♀, New Zealand, Invercargill, leg. Burr; ♂, ♀, New Zealand: Nelson 1876, leg. Filhol, “Mus. Paris” ♂, no locality, labelled n.sp. (NHMW, No. 378); 2♀, New Zealand: Nelson, Filhol, 1878 (MNHN). (Synonymized by Brock 1997). [This lecto-type designation will guarantee the stability of the existing synonymy – see below]
[3 further ♀ in NHMW without labels are not regarded as part of the type series]. Note: it is probable that specimens from Invercargill belong to an undescribed species (in progress).
Pachymorpha bouvieri Brunner; Wise 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species); Brock 1997: 22 (Synonym of Mimarchus annulatus); Brock 1998: (Type data; as synonym of Mimarchus annulatus).
Diapheromeridae, Pachymorphinae, Hemipachymorphini Asteliaphasma Jewell <& Brock new genus
Type species.— Spinotectarchus jucundus Salmon, by original designation.
jucunda (Salmon), 1991:116, figs, egg (Spinotectarchus jucundus). Holotype ♀, New Zealand: Waipoua, Kauri Forest, Northland, 22.iii.45, J.T. Salmon (MONZ).
Paratypes: ♀ ♀, New Zealand: Waipoua, Kauri Forest, Northland, J.T. Salmon; MtTe Aroha, J.T. Salmon (MONZ). New combination.
naomi (Salmon), 91:114, figs, egg (Spinotectarchus). Holotype ♀, New Zealand: Lake Waikaremoana, 28.xii.45, J.T. Salmon (MONZ). Paratype series: ♀ ♀, New Zealand: Lake Waikaremoana, 28.xii.45 (MONZ). New combination.
Tectarchm Salmon 1954
Type species.— Tectarchus diversus Salmon, by original designation.
Tectarchus Salmon 1954: 161.
Tectarchus Salmon 1991: 100.
huttoni (Brunner) 1907: 213 (Pachymorpha). Syntype series: ♂, 2♀, New Zealand (NHMW, No. 383); ♀, ♀ nymph, New Zealand: Nelson, Filhol, 1878 (MNHN).
Pachymorpha huttoni Brunner; Wise 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species); Brock 1997:21 (Transferto Tectarchus); Brock 1998: 33 (Type data).
Pachymorpha finitima Brunner 1907: 215. Syntype ♀, New Zealand, [18] 48–52, Petit, “mus. Paris” (NHMW, No. 380); ♀, New Zealand, [18] 48–52, Petit (MNHN) (Synonymized by Brock 1997).
Pachymorpha finitima Brunner; Wise 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species); Brock 1997: 21 (Synonym of Tectarchus huttoni); Brock 1998: 28 (Type data);
Tectarchus diversus Salmon 1954: 163, pl. 7: 1–2, pl. 8: 1, 2, 4, 8, pl. 9: 1, 5. Holotype ♀, New Zealand, Johnston's Hill, Karori, Wellington, 3.vi. 1944, J.T. Salmon (MONZ). Paratypes: ♂ ♂ and ♀ ♀ as follows: Akatarawa Saddle; Balloon Saddle, Mt. Arthur Tableland; Days Bay; Johnston's Hill, Karori, Wellington; Kennedy's Bush, Banks Peninsula; Leslie Valley; Mt. Ross, Wairarapa; Miramar Reserve, Wellington; Orongorongo; Paremata; Picton; Silverstream, South Karori; Wilton's Bush, Wellington (MONZ); Upper Maitai, Nelson (coll. G. Ramsay)). (Synonymized by Brock, 1997).
Tectarchus diversus Salmon; Salmon, 1991: 100 (Taxonomy; egg; figs); Wise 1977:51 (Catalog of NZ species); Brock 1997: 21 (Synonym of Tectarchus huttoni).
ovobessus Salmon 1954:164, pl. 7:3, pl. 8:3, pl. 9:2. Holotype ♀, New Zealand, Lake Waikaremoana, 25.iii.1945, J.T. Salmon (MONZ). Paratypes: ♀ ♀, New Zealand: Lake Waikaremoana, and throughout Urewera Country to 3200 ft.; Kennedy's Bush, Banks Peninsula; Mt. Ross, Wairarapa, 3000 ft.; Te Aroha Mountain to 3000 ft. (MONZ).
Tectarchus ovobessus Salmon; Wise 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species); Salmon 1991: 106 (Taxonomy; egg; figs).
salebrosus(Hutton) 1899:52 (Pachymorphasalebrosa). Holotype ♀, New Zealand: Dunedin (CMNZ). (new name for Pachymorpha hystriculea; Hutton 1898:162 [not of Westwood 1859]). new combination (on basis of comparison of genitalia).
Pachymorpha salebrosa Hutton; Tepper 1902: 279 (Catalog); Kirby 1904: 342 (Catalog); Brunner 1907: 215 (Redescription); Wise 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species); Nicholls et al. 1998: 30 (Type data).
Mimarchus salebrosus (Hutoon); Salmon 1991: 94 (Transfer to Mimarchus; male; egg; figs).
Tectarchus tuberculatus Salmon 1954: 167, pl. 7: 5–6, pl. 8: 7, 10, 12, pl. 9: 4, 7. Holotype ♀, New Zealand, Price's Bush, Banks Peninsula, 10.i. 1944, J.T. Salmon (MONZ). Paratypes: ♂ ♂ and ♀ ♀, New Zealand: Price's Bush, Banks Peninsula, J.T. Salmon (MONZ). (Synonymized by Salmon 1991).
Tectarchus tuberculatus Salmon; Wise 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species); Salmon 1991: 94 (Synonym of Mimarchus salebrosus).
semilobatus Salmon 1954: 165, pl. 7: 4, pl. 8: 6, 9, 11, pl. 9: 3, 6. Holotype ♀, New Zealand, Kennedy's Bush, Banks Peninsula, 12.1.44, J.T. Salmon (MONZ). Paratype ♂ New Zealand, Kennedy's Bush, Banks Peninsula, 12.i.44, J.T. Salmon (MONZ).
Tectarchus semilobatus Salmon; Wise 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species); Salmon 1991: 108 (Taxonomy; egg; figs).
Spinotectarchus Salmon 1991
Type species.— Pachymorpha acornuta Hutton, by original designation.
Spinotectarchus Salmon 1991: 36, 111.
acornutus(Hutton) 1899:52 (Pachymorpha acornuta). Holotype ♀, New Zealand: Great Barrier Island (CMNZ – in alcohol).
Pachymorpha acornuta Hutton; Tepper 1902: 279 (Catalog); Kirby 1904: 342; Brunner 1907: 214 (Redescription); Wise, 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species); Nicholls et al. 1998: 30 (Type data – syntype ♂ mentioned. Hutton stated ‘male unknown’, but did refer to a nymph ‘probably belonging to this species’).
Spinotectarchus acornutus (Hutton); Salmon 1991: 111 (Transfer to Spinotectarchus; egg; figs).
Phasmatidae, Phasmatinae, Acanthoxylini Acanthoxyla Uvarov 1944
Type species.— Acanthoderus prasinus Westwood, by indication.
Acanthoxyla Uvarov 1944: 95 (New name for the preoccupied Macracantha Kirby).
Acanthoxyla; Salmon 1955: 10; Wise 1977: 50; Salmon 1991: 57.
Macracantha Kirby 1904: 340 [Homonym]. New name for Acanthoderus of Hutton 1899: 56 [not of Gray 1835]. Type species: Acanthoderus prasinus Westwood, by original designation.
fasciata (Hutton) 1899: 58 (Acanthoderus). Holotype ♀ nymph, New Zealand: Great Barrier Island (CMNZ – in alcohol). Revised status.
Acanthoderus fasciatus Hutton; Brunner 1907:239 (Redescription); Günther 1931:756 (Synonym of Macracantha prasina); Salmon 1955c: 1153 (Synonym of Acanthoxyla suteri); Wise 1977: 50 (Catalog of NZ species; as synonym of Acanthoxyla suteri); Nicholls et al. 1998: 30 (Type data; listed as ♂).
Macracantha fasciatus (Hutton); Kirby 1904: 340 (Transfer to Macracantha).
Acanthoxyla fasciatus (Hutton); Uvarov 1944: 94 (Transfer to Acanthoxyla); Salmon 1991: 69 (As synonym of Acanthoxyla suteri).
Stick insect sp – Moon 1994: 31, upper fig. (det. Jewell).
geisovii (Kaup), 1866: 578 (Bacillus). Holotype ♀ nymph, New Zealand (HLDH).
Bacillus geisovii Kaup; Hutton 1881: 75 (Catalog); Zompro 2001: 134, fig. 7 (Type data).
[Clitarchus geisovii; Hutton 1898: 165 (Transfer to Clitarchus. Refers to ♂; –see Hutton (1899); specimen misidentified and given new name of Acanthoderus suteri).]
Acanthoderus geisovii (Kaup); Hutton 1899: 57 (Returned to Acanthoderus); Tepper 1902: 285 (Catalog); Brunner 1907: 239 (Redescription);
Macracantha geisovii (Kaup); Kirby 1904: 340 (Transfer to Macracantha); Günther 1931: 756 (Synonym of Macracantha prasina).
Acanthoxyla geisovii (Kaup); Uvarov 1944: 94 (Transfer to Acanthoxyla; British species cited as prasina); Salmon 1955c: 1154, figs 6, 16 (Taxonomy); Salmon 1955a: 10 (Notes - parthenogenesis); Salmon 1955b: 79 (Notes; figs); Salmon 1970:70 (Notes); Sharrell 1971:126, fig. (Notes); Wise 1977: 49 (Catalog of NZ species); ; Mantovani & Scali 1987: 141 (Egg, comparison with other Acanthoxyla species); Brock 1999: 78, 132, pl. 21 b, 22a–b (Notes in Britain and New Zealand).
Acaulhoxyla geisovii (Kaup) [sic]; Bandsma & Brandt 1963: 21, pl. 40, 43 (photos).
Acanthoxyla prasina (misidentification); Ragge 1965: 38, pl. 1: 1 (In Britain; egg).
Acanthoxyla prasina geisovii (Kaup); Salmon 1991: 71, figs (Subspecies of prasina).
huttoni Salmon 1955c: 1155, figs 5, 7, 9. Holotype ♀, New Zealand: Karori, Wellington, 3.v.37, J.T. Salmon (MONZ).
Paratype ♀, New Zealand: Karori, Wellington (MONZ).
Acanthoxyla huttoni Salmon; Wise 1977: 49 (Catalog of NZ species); Brock 1999: 132.
Acanthoxyla prasina huttoni Salmon; Salmon 1991: 74 (Egg; figs).
inermis Salmon 1955c: 1151, figs 18–20. Holotype ♀, New Zealand: Okoke, Taranaki, 25.vi.45, D. Brooker (MONZ). Paratypes: ♀, New Zealand: Lake Waikaremoana, J.T. Salmon; ♀, New Zealand: Nelson, B.W Hall (MONZ).
Acanthoxyla inermis Salmon; Wise 1977: 49 (Catalog of NZ species); Brock 1987: 129, figs 3, 4C (First record in Britain; correction of misidentification as Clitarchus hookeri; taxonomic notes; egg); Brock 1999: 132.
Acanthoxyla prasina inermis Salmon; Salmon 1991: 64 (Subspecies of prasina; figs).
intermedia Salmon 1955c: 1152, figs 11, 14. Holotype ♀, New Zealand: Karori, Wellington, 12.viii. 41, J.T. Salmon (MONZ). Paratypes: ♀ ♀, New Zealand: Johnson's Hill, Karori; Kilbirnie, Wellington; Makino; Tauwharenikau Valley; Wairarapa; Wairongomai; Wilton's Bush (MONZ).
Acanthoxyla intermedia Salmon; Wise 1977: 50 (Catalog of NZ species); Brock 1999: 132.
Acanthoxyla prasina intermedia Salmon; Salmon, 1991: 62 (Subspecies of prasina; egg; figs).
prasina (Westwood), 1859: 49, pl. 3: 2 (Acanthoderus prasinus). Holotype ♀, New Zealand (BMNH).
Acanthoderus prasinus Westwood; Hutton 1881:77 (Catalog); Hutton 1899: 56 (Returned to Acanthoderus); Brunner 1907: 239 (Redescription).
Clitarchus prasinus (Westwood); Hutton 1898: 164 (Transfer to Clitarchus).
Macracantha prasinus (Westwood) [sic]; Kirby 1904: 340 (Transfer to Macracantha).
Macracantha prasina (Westwood); Günther 1931: 756, 766 (Taxonomic notes).
Acanthoxyla prasina (Westwood); Uvarov 1944: 95 (Transfer to Acanthoxyla); Salmon 1955c: 1149, 1152 (Revision; figs); Salmon 1955a: 10 (Notes - parthenogenesis); Salmon 1955b: 79 (Notes; figs); Salmon 1970: 70 (Notes); Sharrell 1971: 127, pl. 173 (Notes); Wise 1977: 50 (Catalog of NZ species); Jackson 1982: 50 (Sketches; notes); Brock 1987: 125 (Taxonomic notes); Bragg 1988: 11 (Rearing notes); Salmon 1991: 58 (Taxonomic notes; egg, figs); Brock 1999: 132 (Notes).
Bacillus filiformis Colenso 1885: 153. Holotype [?sex], New Zealand: Seventy-mile Bush, Waipawa County, 1883, W Colenso (not traced – believed lost). (Synonymized by Salmon 1991: 58).
B[acillus] filiformis Colenso; Hutton 1899: 59 (Synonym of Argosarchus horridus); Kirby 1904: 340 (As syn. of Argosarchus horridus).
Clitarchus filiformis (Colenso); Hutton 1898:164 (Transferto Clitarchus); Wise 1977: 50 (As syn. of Argosarchus horridus); Wise 1977:50 (As syn. ofArgosarchus horridus); Salmon 1991: 58 (Synonym of Acanthoxyla prasina).
Bacillus atroarticulus Colenso 1885: 154. Holotype ♀, New Zealand: Seventy-mile Bush, near Norsewood County, Waipawa, 1883, W. Colenso (not traced – lost?). (Synonymized by Hutton 1899: 56).
Bacillus atroarticulus Colenso; Kirby 1904: 340 (As syn. of Macracantha prasinus).
Clitarchus atroarticulus (Colenso); Hutton 1898:164 (Transfer to Clitarchus); Hutton 1899: 56 (Synonym of Acanthoderus prasinus); Wise 1977: 50 (As syn. of Acanthoxyla prasina); Salmon 1991: 58 (Synonym of Acanthoxyla prasina [Also listed as syn. of Argosarchus spiniger, p. 53]).
speciosa Salmon 1955c: 1153, figs 13, 15, 17. Holotype ♀, New Zealand: Karori, Wellington, 23.iv. 44, J.T. Salmon (MONZ). Paratypes: ♀, New Zealand: Wilton's Bush Wellington, J.T. Salmon & G. Ramsay (MONZ); ♀, New Zealand: Nelson, Fereday (CMNZ).
Acanthoxyla speciosa Salmon; Wise 1977: 50 (Catalog of NZ species); Brock 1999: 132.
Acanthoxyla prasina speciosa Salmon; Salmon 1991: 67 (Subspecies of prasina; egg; figs).
suteri (Hutton) 1899: 56 (Acanthoderus), Holotype ♀, New Zealand: Morton, near Dunedin (see Salmon 1955c: 1154 – originally “Marton, near Wanganui”, but Type locality in Canterbury Museum library volume later corrected by Hutton) (CMNZ – in alcohol) (new name for Bacillus geisovii; Hutton 1898: 165 [not of Kaup]).
Acanthoderus suteri Hutton; Brunner 1907: 239 (Synonym of Acanthoderus geisovii); Günther 1931: 756 (Synonym of Macracantha prasina); Nicholls et al. 1998: 30 (Type data).
Macracantha suteri (Hutton); Kirby 1904: 340 (Transfer to Macracantha).
Acanthoxyla suteri (Hutton); Uvarov 1944: 94 (Transfer to Acanthoxyla); Salmon 1955c: 1153, figs 1, 8, 12 (Taxonomy); Wise 1977: 50 (Catalog of NZ species); Brock 1999: 132.
Acanthoxyla prasina suteri (Hutton); Salmon 1991: 69 (Subspecies of prasina; egg, figs).
References to 3 Acanthoxyla species established in the United Kingdom and Ireland (alien introductions) include a number of misidentifications. Our view on the correct species names for reports is as follows: A. prasina: Haes 1991: 7; Haes 1992: 371; Haes 1999: 9. A. geisovii (often misidentified as prasina until Brock 1987): Kirby 1910: 7; Rivers 1953: 206; Rivers 1953: 92; Harz & Kaltenbach 1976: 31; Grimwade 1982:87; Waller 83:2; Brock, 1984: 8; Brock 1985b: 133, pl. B; Bysouth 85: 11;Turk 1985: 129; Bysouth 85: 11; Brock 1986: 2; fames 86: 3, figs; Brock 1987: 125; Marshall & Haes 1988: 140, pl. 10: 1; Brock 1991: 41, pl.; Haes 1990: 31; Haes 1991: 7; Haes 1992: 371, fig.; Lee 1993: 25; Lee 1995: 15; Haes & Harding 1997: 52; Lee 1998: 18; Haes 1999: 9, 62; Haes 2002: 45, 2 pis. A. inermis (misidentified as Clitarchus hookeri until Brock 1987): Fahy 1973: 14; Turk 1985: 129 [in part]; Haes 1990: 31; Brock, 1991: 44, figs; Haes 1991: 7; Haes 1992: 371; Lee 1993: 25; Haes 1994: 8; Lee 1995: 15; Haes & Harding 1997: 52; Lee 1998: 18; Haes 1999: 9, 62; Viney 2001: 2; Haes 2002: 45.
Argosarchus Hutton 1898
Type species.— Phasma (Acanthoderus) horridus White by subsequent designation of Kirby 1904: 340. (Kirby designated Species No. 1, which he listed as Phasma (Acanthoderus) spiniger White, with horridus listed as a synonym; horridus (not spiniger) was listed as one of the species by Hutton, hence it is the type species).
Argosarchus Hutton 1898: 165.
Argosarchus; Hutton 1899: 58; Kirby 1904: 340; Brunner 1907: 237; Wise 1977: 50; Salmon 1991: 48.
Mimarchus Carl 1913: 22. Type species: Mimarchus tarsatus Carl, by monotypy new synonymy [examination of the lectotype of tarsatus, shows it to be a nymph of Argosarchus horridus, the type species of Argosarchus]
Pachymorpha Hutton [not Gray] [in part] 1898: 161; 1899: 52.
Mimarchus; Salmon 1991: 91 [of Carl – not of Kaup (error)].
horridus (White) 1846: 24, pl. 5: 3 (Phasma (Acanthoderus)). Holotype ♀, New Zealand (BMNH). Acanthoderus horridus (White); Westwood 1859: 49 (Redescription); Hutton 1881: 76 (Catalog); Hudson 1892: 110, pl. ;
Argosarchus horridus (White); Hutton 1898: 165 (Transfer to Argosarchus); Hutton 1899: 59 [part] (Notes. Salmon (1991: 48) regards Hutton's Argosarchus spiniger [not of White] as horridus); Kirby 1904: 340 (As syn. of Argosarchus spiniger); Brunner 1907: 238 (Redescription); Günther 1931: 766 (Notes); Wise 1977: 50 (Catalog of NZ species); Salmon 1991: 48 (Desc. / clarification of ♂, egg, figs).
Bacillus gerhardii Kaup 1866: 577. Holotype ♀ nymph [note?], New Zealand [possibly nr. Invercargill, G. Müller] (HLDH). (Synonymized by Hutton 1899: 59).
Bacillus gerhardii Kaup; Hutton 1881: 75 (Catalog); Hutton 1899: 59 (Synonym of Argosarchus horridus - ♀ listed); Kirby 1904: 340 (As syn. of Argosarchus horridus); Zompro 2001: 134, fig. 8 (Type data).
Argosarchus gerhardii (Kaup); Hutton 1898: 166 (Transfer to Argosarchus); Salmon 1991: 48 (As syn. of Argosarchus horridus).
Bacillus sylvaticus Colenso 1882: 278. Holotype ♀, New Zealand (not traced – believed lost). (Synonymized by Salmon 1991:48).
Argosarchus sylvaticus (Colenso); Hutton 1898: 166 (Transfer to Argosarchus); Kirby 1904: 341 (Catalog); Wise 1977: 50 (Catalog of NZ species); Salmon 1991: 48 (Synonym of Argosarchus horridus).
Argosarchus schauinslandi Brunner 1907: 238, pl. 10: 3. Lectotype ♀, New Zealand, Greymouth, Helms, Ref. no. 602/66 (MHNG), here designated. Paralectotypes: ♀, 2♀ nymphs, New Zealand: Gomolka (ZMHB), ♀, New Zealand: Chatham Is. (not traced in LIMBB, believed lost). (Synonymized by Salmon 1991: 48). [This lectotype designation shall guarantee the stability of the name; Brunner's figure resembles the selected specimen]
Argosarchus schauinslandi Brunner; Günther 1931:766 (Notes); Salmon 1991:48 (Synonym of Argosarchus horridus); Dugdale & Emberson 1996: 98 (Mention from Chatham Is.).
Argosarchus schainslandi [sic]; Salmon, 1970: 70 (Brief note).
Mimarchus tarsatus Carl 1913: 23. Lectotype ♀ nymph, New Zealand: Greymouth, Blue Cliffs, Helms, Ref. no. 602/66 (MHNG), here designated. Paralectotypes: ♀ nymph, New Zealand: Blue Cliffs, 623.5 (immature specimen of Argosarchus horridus White, det. J.T. Salmon 46); ♀ nymph, New Zealand, Marcet. new synonym [This lectotype designation shall guarantee the stability of the name/in accordance with the synonymy proposed]
Mimarchus tarsatus Carl; Wise 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species); Salmon 1991: 92 [in part] (Taxonomy; male; egg; figs [but misidentification of Carl's species]).
spiniger (White) 1846: 24 (Phasma (Acanthoderus)). Holotype ♂, New Zealand (BMNH).
Acanthoderus spiniger (White); Westwood 1859: 48; Hutton 1881: 75 (Catalog); Hutton 1899: 59 [not of White] ((Synonym of Argosarchus horridus).
Clitarchus spiniger (White); Hutton 1898: 164 (Transfer to Clitarchus).
Argosarchus spiniger (White); Alfken 1901: 143 (Wise 1977 - in error for A. horridus); Alfken 1904: 600 (Wise 1977 - in error for A. horridus); Hutton 1904: 234 (Wise 1977 - in error for A. horridus); Kirby 1904: 340 (Catalog; with horridus as syn.); Brunner 1907: 238 (As syn. of Argosarchus horridus); Caudell 1927: (As syn. of Argosar chushorridus); Wise 1977: 50 (Catalog of NZ species; as syn. of Argosarchus horridus); Salmon 1991: 53 (Desc. / clarification of ♀, egg, figs).
Notes on genus: The exact specific relationship is being studied by rearing specimens from different localities and checking variation within species and by comparing them with type material. So far, results indicate some geographical variation and our preliminary view is that the type of spiniger is almost certainly the male of horridus, confirming Hutton's view as first reviser (1899); hence horridus would take priority. The synonymy above follows Salmon (1991), but may have to be revised once additional studies have been made.
Clitarchus Stal 1875
Type species.— Clitarchus laeviusculus Stal, by subsequent designation of Kirby 1904: 339.
Clitarchus Stal 1875: 34, 82.
Clitarchus; Hutton 1898: 162; Hutton 1899: 54; Kirby 1904: 339; Brunner, 1907: 235; Salmon 1991: 81.
hookeri (White) 1846: 24, pl. 6: 6 (Phasma). Holotype ♀, New Zealand (BMNH).
Bacillus hookeri (White); Westwood 1859: 14 (Transfer to Bacillus); Hutton 1881: 74 (Catalog).
Clitarchus hookeri (White); Stal 1875: 83 (Transfer to Clitarchus); Hutton 1898: 163; Hutton 1899: 54 (Male); Tepper, 1902: 280 (Catalog); Kirby 1904: 339 (Catalog); Brunner 1907: 236 (Redescription); Günther 1931:756, 765 (Notes); Salmon 1955a: 1189 (Notes - parthenogenesis); Salmon 1955b: 78 (Notes; figs); Ragge 1965: 39, pl. 1: 2 (In Britain; egg); Stringer 1969:41 (Embryology); Stringer 1970: 85 (Taxonomy, nymphs and adults); Sharrell 1971: 126, pl. 172 (Notes); Wise 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species); Salmon 1991: 82 (Taxonomy; figs); Brock 1999: 80, 132, pl. 23a–b (Notes in Britain and New Zealand).
Clitarchus laeviusculus Stål 1875: 82. Lectotype ♀, New Zealand, Boucard (NHMW), here designated. Paralectotypes: 3♀, New Zealand, Boucard (NHMW). (Synonymized by Ragge 1965). [This lectotype designation will guarantee the stability of the name]
Clitarchus laeviusculus Stål; Hutton 1898: 163; Hutton 1899: 55; Kirby 1904:339 (Catalog); Brunner 1907:236 (Redescription); Ragge 1965: 39 (Synonym of Clitarchus hookeri); Harz & Kaltenbach 1976: 31 (As synonym of Clitarchus hookeri); Wise 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species); Salmon 1991: 82 (As synonym of Clitarchus hookeri); Brock 1998: 38 (Type data; as synonym of Clitarchus hookeri)
Bacillus coloreus Colenso 1885: 151. Syntypes 9, New Zealand: Pourerere, E. Coast, near Blackhead, Waipawa County, 1884, W Scott; ♂,♀, New Zealand: same data? (not traced – believed lost). (Synonymized by Brunner 1907).
Clitarchus coloreus (Colenso); Hutton 1898: 163 (Transfer to Clitarchus); Hutton 1899: 55 (Taxonomy); Kirby 1904: 339 (Catalog); Brunner 1907: 237 (Synonym of Clitarchus hookeri); Wise 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species); Salmon 1991: 82 (As synonym of Clitarchus hookeri).
Bacillus minimus Colenso 1885: 151. Holotype ♀, New Zealand: Norsewood, Waipawa County, 1884, W. Colenso (not traced – lost?). (Synonymized by Salmon 1991).
Bacillus minimus Colenso; Hutton 1898: 166 (Uncertain status).
Bacillus minimum [sic] Colenso; Salmon 1991: 82 (Synonym of Clitarchus hookeri).
Argpsarchus minimus (Colenso); Kirby 1904: 341 (Transfer to Argosarchus); Caudell 1927: 20; Wise 1977: 50 (Catalog of NZ species).
Clitarchus reductus Hutton 1899: 55. Holotype ♀, New Zealand: Canterbury (Not traced in CMNZ, believed lost). (Synonymized by Salmon 1991).
Clitarchus reductus Hutton; Kirby 1904: 339 (Catalog); Brunner 1907: 237 (Redescription); Günther 1931: 756, 765 (Synonym of Clitarchus hookeri); Wise 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species).
Bacillus reductus (Hutton); Salmon 1991: 82 (As synonym of Clitarchus hookeri).
Clitarchus interruptelineatus Brunner 1907: 236, pl. 10: 4a–d. Lectotype ♂, New Zealand (NHMW, No. 445, with large white species label), here designated. Paralectotypes: 2♀, New Zealand (NHMW, No. 445); ♂, New Zealand: Great Barrier Island (ZMUH – not traced); 2 ♀, New Zealand, Finsch (ZMHB). (Synonymized by Brock 1997). [This lectotype designation shall guarantee the stability of the name, in accordance with existing synonymy] Clitarchus interruptelineatus Brunner; Günther 1931: 765 (Notes); Wise 1977: 51 (Catalog of NZ species); Brock 1997: 22 (Synonym of Clitarchus hookeri); Brock 1998: 36 (Type data; as synonym of Clitarchus hookeri).
tuberculatus Salmon 1991: 85. Holotype ♀, New Zealand: South Karori, Wellington, 2.i.43, J.T. Salmon (MONZ). Paratypes: ♀ ♀, New Zealand: South Karori, Wellington; Great Barrier Island; Kennedy's Bush, Banks Peninsula; Mt. Ross, Haurangi Mountains, Wairarapa; Silverstream, South Karori; Wadestown, Stokes Valley and Days Bay, Wellington; Wilton Bush, Wellington (MONZ).
Notes on C. hookeri in the United Kingdom (an alien introduction) are as follows: Uvarov 1950: 174 (as C. laeviusculus); Harz & Kaltenbach 1976: 31; Waller 83: 2; Brock 1984: 9; Brock 1985b: 134; Turk 1985: 129 [in part]; James 1986: 3, figs; Brock 1986: 2; Brock 1987: 127; England 1998: 11; Marshall & Haes 1988: 143, pl. 10: 3; Haes 1990: 32; Brock 1991: 41, pl.; Lee 1993: 25; Brock 1995: 11; Lee 1995: 15; Haes & Harding 1997: 52; Lee 1998: 18; Haes 1999: 9, 62.
Pseudoclitarchus Salmon 1991
Type species.— Acanthoxyla senta Salmon, by original designation.
Pseudoclitarchus Salmon 1991: 35, 77.
sentus Salmon 1948: 301, pl. 56: 1–4, pl. 57: 1–3. Holotype 9, New Zealand: Three Kings Islands (AMNZ). Paratypes: c?, New Zealand: Three Kings Islands (AMNZ). Paratypes cj, 9, New Zealand: Three Kings Islands (MONZ). Pseudoclitarchus senta; Salmon 1991: 77 (Transfer to Pseudoclitarchus; egg; figs [egg on p. 79 = duplication of Clitarchus tuberculatus]).
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank various curators of museums housing type material for their assistance: Berlin-Dr. K.K. Günther, Dr. M. Ohl; Christchurch – Dr. R. McFarlane, Dr. S. Pollard; Geneva – Dr. B. Hauser, Dr. P. Schwendinger; Genova – Dr. R. Poggi; Hamburg – Dr. H. Striimpel; London – Mrs. J. Marshall; Paris – Dr. C. Amedegnato, Dr. M. Donskoff; Vienna – Dr. A.P. Kaltenbach, Dr. U. Aspock; Wellington – Dr. R. Palma (who provided type data from Salmon's data labels). Useful help has also been given at many other museums during our searches for non-type New Zealand phasmids, with particular thanks to Mr. J. Marris (Lincoln University, near Christchurch) and Mr. A. Harris (Otago Museum, Dunedin). Prof. Valerio Scali (Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluszionista Sperimentale, Bologna) made useful comments. The referees of this paper gave constructive comments and their suggestions have enhanced this paper.
